What is Atp?
ATP (Adenosine Triphospate) is not energy itself, it temporarily stores energy in its bonds. When the third bond is broken, energy is released and the ATP becomes ADP because now it is only left with two phosphate bonds. ATP is high energy because the bonds that are located between each phosphate contains high energy. Jumping and sprinting are examples of where ATP is used. These two sporting examples include explosive movements which allows the stored energy to be used. The stores of ATP in the muscles can last for 2 - 3 seconds. After the ATP is used up by the body it needs to be regenerated and that is done aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
Firstly it is regenerated by anaerobic pathway by ATP/PC (Alactic) system . The ATP/PC is used to fuel muscular contractions during sporting activities.
ATP (Adenosine Triphospate) is not energy itself, it temporarily stores energy in its bonds. When the third bond is broken, energy is released and the ATP becomes ADP because now it is only left with two phosphate bonds. ATP is high energy because the bonds that are located between each phosphate contains high energy. Jumping and sprinting are examples of where ATP is used. These two sporting examples include explosive movements which allows the stored energy to be used. The stores of ATP in the muscles can last for 2 - 3 seconds. After the ATP is used up by the body it needs to be regenerated and that is done aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
Firstly it is regenerated by anaerobic pathway by ATP/PC (Alactic) system . The ATP/PC is used to fuel muscular contractions during sporting activities.
The ATP/PC System
When the ATP is turned into ADP it is regenerated by the ATP/PC system. It can be used while:
- short burst, maximum intensity activity.
- the initial stages of aerobic activity.
Gymnastics is a sporting example for this system as it involved maximum intensity activity.
This is how the ATP/PC system regenerates back to ATP:
When the ATP is turned into ADP it is regenerated by the ATP/PC system. It can be used while:
- short burst, maximum intensity activity.
- the initial stages of aerobic activity.
Gymnastics is a sporting example for this system as it involved maximum intensity activity.
This is how the ATP/PC system regenerates back to ATP:
The Lactic Acid System
After ATP/PC system the Lactic Acid system takes over when PC is in depleted. This process uses glucose in the body (glycogen) to resynthesize ATP. This is stored in the muscles and liver and is readily available; decrease in PC stored activates the enzymes glycogen phosphorylase which breaks down glycogen into glucose. This is then broken down further producing phosphate which turns ADP into ATP. The lactic acid is a Bi product and it makes 2 ATP. For this process glycolysis is used but not directly for muscular work; it is used to resynthesis of ADP to ATP. This system provides phosphates to resynthesize ATP for 2 - 3 minutes of high intensity (anaerobic) activity. It is inhibited by the production of the lactic acid. The lactic acid decreases pH within the muscle cells which stops enzymes from working and causes a burning feeling and muscular fatigue. 38 ATP = 1 molecule of glucose.
After ATP/PC system the Lactic Acid system takes over when PC is in depleted. This process uses glucose in the body (glycogen) to resynthesize ATP. This is stored in the muscles and liver and is readily available; decrease in PC stored activates the enzymes glycogen phosphorylase which breaks down glycogen into glucose. This is then broken down further producing phosphate which turns ADP into ATP. The lactic acid is a Bi product and it makes 2 ATP. For this process glycolysis is used but not directly for muscular work; it is used to resynthesis of ADP to ATP. This system provides phosphates to resynthesize ATP for 2 - 3 minutes of high intensity (anaerobic) activity. It is inhibited by the production of the lactic acid. The lactic acid decreases pH within the muscle cells which stops enzymes from working and causes a burning feeling and muscular fatigue. 38 ATP = 1 molecule of glucose.
Then the 2nd pathway takes over and the aerobic system continues the process.
The Aerobic System
The aerobic system can break down glucose, glycogen and fat. It used oxygen to completely break down twon glucose and the bi products are harmless - water and carbon dioxide. This process can garner 38 molecules of regenerated ATP compared to 2 from anaerobic glycolysis and 1 from ATP/PC system. It would continue for as long as the glucose or fat lasts for long as oxygen is used to break down the substrate.
There are advantages and disadvantages of this:
Advantages:
- large potential glycogen and FFA stores available as an efficient energy fuel.
- Efficient ATP resynthesizes when good oxygen supply guarantees break down of FFAs'.
Disadvantages:
- requires more oxygen supply 15% more for FFAs.
- complex series.
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