Acute and Chronic Adaptations
Acute Musculoskeletal responses:
Acute responses - immediate responses to exercise , such as an increase in body temperature and heart rate.
- Increased blood supply
- Increased muscle pliability
- Increased range of movements
- Increased fibre tears
Increased blood supply occurs due to the increase in oxygen demand and increase in metabolic activity when doing physical activity; this will deliver great amount of oxygen around the body as the heart pumps blood. capillary dilation is also used, this is when the blood flow happens through the capillaries. Muscle contractions produces heat and as much as 70% of body heat is produced by energy production in the muscle tissue.
Increased muscle pliability
Pliability- related to the stretchiness of your muscle and connective tissues.
Muscles become more pliable when they are warm this reduces the risk of injuries and damage; this is because during exercise the muscles contract more quickly. The fast contractions in the muscles generate heat which makes the muscles more pliable. An example of this would be a gymnast doing splits. If the muscles are warm and pliable then the gymnast is likely to do the splits easily, another example would be doing a hand stand into a bridge (the core muscle needs to be more pliable because changing from a hand stand position to a bridge requires the core muscles) .
Increased range of movements
Changes within the joints occur during exercise. Synovial fluid is secreted as a result of joint movement. During the physical exercise the synovial fluid becomes less viscous and allows increased range of movements at the joint (joint movements stimulates the secretion of synovial fluid).
Muscle fibers Micro tears
Muscles tear when they are put under pressure whilst exercising. The micro tears in the muscle tissues cause swelling, which puts pressure on the nerve endings and it leads to severe pain. Training improvements will only be made if the body has sufficient fuel and rest to repair the micro tears. Repaired tears will make the muscle a little bit more stronger than it was before so it can tolerate more weight than before.
Changes within the joints occur during exercise. Synovial fluid is secreted as a result of joint movement. During the physical exercise the synovial fluid becomes less viscous and allows increased range of movements at the joint (joint movements stimulates the secretion of synovial fluid).
Muscle fibers Micro tears
Muscles tear when they are put under pressure whilst exercising. The micro tears in the muscle tissues cause swelling, which puts pressure on the nerve endings and it leads to severe pain. Training improvements will only be made if the body has sufficient fuel and rest to repair the micro tears. Repaired tears will make the muscle a little bit more stronger than it was before so it can tolerate more weight than before.
Chronic Adaptations
Chronic Musculoskeletal responses:
Chronic responses - the long term effect of exercise on the body.
Muscle Hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy involves increasing in the muscle size and bulk; whenever someone takes part in weight training it will have a massive effect on their muscles and tendons. This is because the muscle fibres inside would tear due to too much pressure applied on the muscle tissue. Then the muscle fibres will be repaired using proteins which the person gets from food and other supplements. Whenever the torn muscle fibres get repaired in this way, they are always stronger and larger then they were previously e.g. they will be able to tolerate more weight than they could before. In order for muscles to keep tearing and repairing the person needs to keep using heavy weights in order to tear their fibres and make them stronger and larger than before. Men have higher potential than women to be bigger, as because men have high amount of testosterone. This is beneficial for the athlete because this improves their muscular endurance, strength and power.
Increase in Myoglobin stores
Myglobin is described as a red protein heme that carries and stores in the muscle cells. Myoglobin function which carries oxygen from cell membrane to mitochondria which provides energy for the athlete so they are able to work for longer period of time at a high intensity. The amount of myglobin increases whenever aerobic chronic exercises take place; this is because as you are exercising your body will adapt itself so when you are exercising you receive more oxygen so you can continue to work for a longer. This is done by the body when the number of myglobin stores increases which allow them to carry more oxygen around the body. Therefore when you are taking part in aerobic exercise your body will require more oxygen and the body needs to deliver the oxygen to the muscles to be able to make them work more efficiently as their are more myglobin stores which can carry more oxygen around the body.
Increase in tendon strength
Tendons are tough bands of connectives tissue, they increase in strength like muscles. Whenever exercise is done for a long period of time the muscles will grow and become more stronger; therefore in order for the tendons to cope with the changes in the muscles they have to grow and become stronger. There would be increase in tendon strength due to collagen fibres, the role of collagen fibre is to strengthen any tissue. Collagen fibres increase in long term exercises. Different exercises will have different effects on the tendons such as weight training would make them stronger whereas aerobic endurance training would increase endurance. This will be beneficial for athletes because then they will be able to put more strain and pressure on the tendons without them getting damaged.
Increased number of Mitochondria
In the mitochondria the biochemical process and respiration and energy production occur. During long term exercises muscles will increase their oxidative capacity, this is how the muscles adapt themselves to chronic exercises so they can work for longer period of time. This is done by increasing the number of mitochondria. Mitochondria are cells which hosts the location where oxygen and glucose combine in order to make ATP. If there is increase in the numbers of mitochondria there will be more space for the body to produce ATP which is a energy source for the human body in order to do aerobic endurance activities. This will benefit the athlete because then their is more energy being produced which can make them work for longer with oxygen and for a high intensity.
Increased storage of glycogen and fat
Fat is a substance which is used for energy Glycogen is the main form of carbohydrate storage. It is readily converted into glucose because it can be used by the body as energy. When a person is doing exercise for a long period of time the muscles are able to use fat for energy. This is a benefit when there is increased amount of fat available, later they can break down to make energy and be ready to be used.
Increased tolerance to lactic acid
As the body does regular exercise it will adapt itself to cope with lactic acid better. During anaerobic exercise the body has to make energy without using oxygen, at the same time it also makes lactic acid. The body would eventually know how to cope with the lactic acid that is being produced; the body will get better at getting rid of the lactic acid quicker. The chronic response of the body will be to increase lactic acid threshold.
Increased muscle strength
This is a response to muscles being used more than they are used. For example weight lifters, they would increased the amount of weight they are lifting so they can increase their muscular strength. They are overloaded- overloading can be done by increasing resistance,
Chronic responses - the long term effect of exercise on the body.
Muscle Hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy involves increasing in the muscle size and bulk; whenever someone takes part in weight training it will have a massive effect on their muscles and tendons. This is because the muscle fibres inside would tear due to too much pressure applied on the muscle tissue. Then the muscle fibres will be repaired using proteins which the person gets from food and other supplements. Whenever the torn muscle fibres get repaired in this way, they are always stronger and larger then they were previously e.g. they will be able to tolerate more weight than they could before. In order for muscles to keep tearing and repairing the person needs to keep using heavy weights in order to tear their fibres and make them stronger and larger than before. Men have higher potential than women to be bigger, as because men have high amount of testosterone. This is beneficial for the athlete because this improves their muscular endurance, strength and power.
Increase in Myoglobin stores
Myglobin is described as a red protein heme that carries and stores in the muscle cells. Myoglobin function which carries oxygen from cell membrane to mitochondria which provides energy for the athlete so they are able to work for longer period of time at a high intensity. The amount of myglobin increases whenever aerobic chronic exercises take place; this is because as you are exercising your body will adapt itself so when you are exercising you receive more oxygen so you can continue to work for a longer. This is done by the body when the number of myglobin stores increases which allow them to carry more oxygen around the body. Therefore when you are taking part in aerobic exercise your body will require more oxygen and the body needs to deliver the oxygen to the muscles to be able to make them work more efficiently as their are more myglobin stores which can carry more oxygen around the body.
Increase in tendon strength
Tendons are tough bands of connectives tissue, they increase in strength like muscles. Whenever exercise is done for a long period of time the muscles will grow and become more stronger; therefore in order for the tendons to cope with the changes in the muscles they have to grow and become stronger. There would be increase in tendon strength due to collagen fibres, the role of collagen fibre is to strengthen any tissue. Collagen fibres increase in long term exercises. Different exercises will have different effects on the tendons such as weight training would make them stronger whereas aerobic endurance training would increase endurance. This will be beneficial for athletes because then they will be able to put more strain and pressure on the tendons without them getting damaged.
Increased number of Mitochondria
In the mitochondria the biochemical process and respiration and energy production occur. During long term exercises muscles will increase their oxidative capacity, this is how the muscles adapt themselves to chronic exercises so they can work for longer period of time. This is done by increasing the number of mitochondria. Mitochondria are cells which hosts the location where oxygen and glucose combine in order to make ATP. If there is increase in the numbers of mitochondria there will be more space for the body to produce ATP which is a energy source for the human body in order to do aerobic endurance activities. This will benefit the athlete because then their is more energy being produced which can make them work for longer with oxygen and for a high intensity.
Increased storage of glycogen and fat
Fat is a substance which is used for energy Glycogen is the main form of carbohydrate storage. It is readily converted into glucose because it can be used by the body as energy. When a person is doing exercise for a long period of time the muscles are able to use fat for energy. This is a benefit when there is increased amount of fat available, later they can break down to make energy and be ready to be used.
Increased tolerance to lactic acid
As the body does regular exercise it will adapt itself to cope with lactic acid better. During anaerobic exercise the body has to make energy without using oxygen, at the same time it also makes lactic acid. The body would eventually know how to cope with the lactic acid that is being produced; the body will get better at getting rid of the lactic acid quicker. The chronic response of the body will be to increase lactic acid threshold.
Increased muscle strength
This is a response to muscles being used more than they are used. For example weight lifters, they would increased the amount of weight they are lifting so they can increase their muscular strength. They are overloaded- overloading can be done by increasing resistance,
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